A July 2009 study done by John Hopkins and published in the journal Nature Neuroscience showed that children with autism rely more on proprioceptive abilities than on visual input from their environment to coordinate motor movement and learning. The study also showed that the greater the reliance on proprioception, the greater the impairment in social skills, motor skills, and imitation skills. This study suggests that the theories on brain connectivity in autistic people are accurate in their claims that the short-distance connections are stronger than the long-distance connections (since proprioceptive connections are short and visual-motor connections are long-distance connections).
Layman's Terms: Wow! This is why I can't get Tommy to look at his socks and feet as he tries to put them on. He just won't! He does it by feel. This is why I have to tell him "Use your eyes" when he's trying a new climbing wall or motor action. This is why we nearly cried when we were trying to teach Tommy to ride a bike and he just wouldn't look at the path in front of him!
Advice: activities that make the child HAVE to look such as hiking on a really bumpy trail, riding a bike on a winding trail, climbing, walking on rickety paths, and for fine motor...drawing, writing (which many have a terrible time with), using utensils...
Study of face recognition deficits in children with autism - 1999, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. This study found that children with autism do not distinguish faces well. Interestingly, this deficit was not related to cognitive deficits.
Layman's terms: They don't look at faces often enough to develop strong face-recognition skills.
Advice: The best teacher of eye-contact I've seen is Vincent Carbone. He teaches kids with autism to WANT to look at faces. Another suggestion is being in your kid's face when he's tiny, getting his attention lots. And how about making sure he sees lots of pictures of family members and friends faces from an early age? Yep, get him looking!
Study of Joint Attention, Gestural Deficits, and Later Language Development in Children with Autism, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, March 1990. This study compared children with autism with children with mental retardation but no autism. It showed the deficits in gestures and joint attention (looking back at you and pointing to show is an example), sharing attention with you (they prefer to be solitary in their attention). A fascinating finding in this study was that later language development was shown to be more correlated with gestural non-verbal joint attention and less correlated with the variables of IQ and initial language levels.
Layman's terms: Wow, the language deficits could be more related to this lack of desire to share experiences (share their attention with you) than with their cognitive deficits... They are wired to not really be social! This one is quite tough. And yet it's not. Relationship-based, affect-filled communication that begins with following their lead.
Advice: Do everything you can from very early ages to get them to share their attention with you and make it fun! Give them lots of praise for looking at and experiencing emotions WITH you! Have lots of fun together and comment excitedly that you are seeing these things TOGETHER. And follow his lead and his interests and comment excitedly about all the things (no matter how odd) he is doing! Get in his face, man. Share life.
Study showing that children with autism were not interested in the social aspects of animated characters whereas typical kids looked more at faces. This study (2009 NIH) showed that the children with autism were more interested in audio-visual sychronization. (sounds that were matched by motions). It might also explain why children with autism tend to look at mouths instead of the eyes of the person speaking to them.
Layman's terms: They like the sound to match the motion
Advice: music, rhythm could be used in teaching anything...what about a cartoon character whose eyes made sounds?? Or whose nose did? How to get the attention to the face?
July 2009 - Journal of Child Development. This study said that in the past decade scientists had located a group of regions in the brain that is used specifically for social cognition. These areas may be developed by age 6, but between the ages of 6 and 11, they become much more specialized. The study showed that children with autism had deficits in thinking about and understanding the emotions, thoughts, and wants of others.
Layman's terms: They are not wired to understand the emotions and wants of others.
Advice: Teach emotions, actions, wants, and hopes of others from early ages and never stop including it in your child's curriculum, especially before the age of 6. When someone is sad, point it out! Explain why! Teach your child to recognize emotions. Use real people and pictures of real people. Give your child a pet to take care of and teach your child to notice when that pet is happy, sad, hungry, thirsty...wow, so much of this research seems to warrant relationship-based approaches!
In the first truly randomized, controlled study of an early intervention for autism, the Journal of Pediatrics reported in November 2009 that indeed, it does make a huge difference, the intensive early intervention group made huge gains over the children in group situations in public placements. It is critical to point out that the intensive group received a play-based, relationship based intervention (not table drilling) and that the control group received public special education with much less one-on-one.
Advice: Get that one-on-one for at least 25 hours per week and make it fun! Get the speech, ABA, and OT you can from the schools, get extra private, and put on your mommy, daddy, aunt, and friends boots and provide the rest! Everything under age 8 that encourages communication, eye-contact, affect, and skill-building is worth its weight in gold. JUST DO IT!
A British study done at the University of Cambridge in December 2009 revealed that on top of not understanding the emotions and wants of others (which has long been known), that the autistic brain also struggled to process information "about the self". In the control groups, neuro-typical people's brains became more active in the ventro-medial pre-frontal cortex when asked about themselves than when asked about "The Queen"....the autistic subjects (no pun intended) had the same level of activity. Michael Loub, who lead the study said that this proved that people with autism are not egocentric, as once was thought. they have trouble making sense of themselves and relationships between themselves and others.
Layman's Terms: Wow! Sigh. Help!
Advice: Help them know themselves by commenting often on things and people that they like and dislike. Help them understand their relationships with others through comments and photos about friends, relatives, hobbies. Help them see the interests they may share with others. and build relationships as strong as you can. Help them have friends and spend time learning about themselves and others. Help them understand themselves while also looking outward at otheres.
According to the chief science officer of Autism Speaks, Geraldine Dawson, 22 well-designed studies between the years of 1982 and 2007 have proven the benefits of vigorous exercise in decreasing repetitive behaviors, hyperactivity, self-injurious behaviors, and aggressive behaviors in children with autism and in improving attention, general motor function, general levels of happiness & self-esteem and social outcomes. Vigorous exercise was defined as cardio-vascular exercise for a minimum of 20-minutes straight per day.
Advice: She recommended including a rigorous exercise program in the student's IEP. For parents, obviously all the fun physical activity you can get into their day, the better. And the hard part is getting school personnel to follow through, but possible peer buddies can help your child get the exercise he or needs during his school day. It is so important for ALL kids, but doubly so for ones with autism who have difficult behaviors to overcome and severe attention problems. SOS!
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